粉末冶金的烧结技术
1.烧结的方法
不同的产品、不同的性能烧结方法不一样。
⑴ 按原料组成不同分类。可以将烧结分为单元系烧结、多元系固相烧结及多元系液相烧结。
单元系烧结是纯金属(如难熔金属和纯铁软磁材料)或化合物(Al2O3、B4C、BeO、MoSi2等)熔点以下的温度进行固相烧结。多元系固相烧结是由两种或两种以上的组元构成的烧结体系,在其中低熔成分的熔点温度以下进行的固相烧结。粉末烧结合金多属于这一类。如Cu-Ni、Fe-Ni、Cu-Au、W-Mo、Ag-Au、Fe-Cu、W-Ni、Fe-C、Cu-C、Cu-W、Ag-W等。多元系液相烧结以超过系统中低熔成分熔点的温度进行的烧结。如W-Cu-Ni、W-Cu、WC-Co、TiC-Ni、Fe-Cu(Cu>10%、Fe-Ni-Al、Cu-Pb、Cu-Sn、Fe-Cu(Cu<10%)等
⑵ 按进料方式不同分类。分为为连续烧结和间歇烧结。
连续烧结
烧结炉具有脱蜡、预烧、烧结、制冷各功能区段,烧结时烧结材料连续地或平稳、分段地完成各阶段的烧结。连续烧结生产效率高,适用于大批量生产。常用的进料方式有推杆式、辊道式和网带传送式等。
间歇烧结
零件置于炉内静止不动,通过控温设备,对烧结炉进行需要的预热、加热及冷却循环操作,完成烧结材料的烧结过程。间歇烧结可依据炉内烧结材料的性能确定合适的烧结制度,但生产效率低,适用于单件、小批量生产,常用的烧结炉有钟罩式炉、箱式炉等。
除上述分类方法外。按烧结温度下是否有液相分为固相烧结和液相烧结;按烧结温度分为中温烧结和高温烧结(1100~1700℃),按烧结气氛的不同分为空气烧结,氢气保护烧结(如钼丝炉、不锈钢管和氢气炉等)和真空烧结。另外还有超高压烧结、活化热压烧结等新的烧结技术。
2.影响粉末制品烧结质量的因素
影响烧结体性能的因素很多,主要是粉末体的性状、成形条件和烧结的条件。烧结条件的因素包括加热速度、烧结温度和时间、冷却速度、烧结气氛及烧结加压状况等。
⑴ 烧结温度和时间
烧结温度的高低和时间的长短影响到烧结体的孔隙率、致密度、强度和硬度等。烧结温度过高和时间过长,将降低产品性能,甚至出现制品过烧缺陷;烧结温度过低或时间过短,制品会因欠烧而引起性能下降。
⑵ 烧结气氛
粉末冶金常用的烧结气氛有还原气氛、真空、氢气氛等。烧结气氛也直接影响到烧结体的性能。在还原气氛下烧结防止压坯烧损并可使表面氧化物还原。如铁基、铜基制品常采用发生炉煤气或分解氨,硬质合金、不锈钢常采用纯氢。活性金属或难熔金属(如铍、钛、锆、钽)、含TiC的硬质合金及不锈钢等可采用真空烧结。真空烧结能避免气氛中的有害成分(H2O、O2、H2)等的不利影响,还可降低烧结温度(一般可降低100~150℃)。

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