塑料工业中的职业危害及预防--qsf999的安全生产小屋

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塑料工业中的职业危害及预防 | 2011-12-17 21:10:00

塑料工业中的职业危害及预防
　　塑料为高分子化合物中三大合成制品(塑料、合成纤维、合成橡胶)之一，主要分为两大类：一类是热固性塑料，即在“固化”以后不能再溶塑成型，如氨基、环氧、酚醛、聚酯、聚氨酯、硅酮等塑料。另一类是热塑性塑料，能反复熔塑再成型，如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚碳酸酯、聚乙烯醇、聚砜、氯化聚醚、尼龙、有机氟等塑料。聚塑完全的塑料一般无毒或低毒，而其单体、溶剂和各种添加剂，如填料、增塑剂、稳定剂、固化剂、颜料等，往往具有不同程度的毒性，对工人健康有一定的危害。
　　一、塑料工业的生产过程
　　塑料的生产过程分为两步：第一步是由化工原料制成单体，单体经聚合成聚合物；第二步是将聚合物加工制成为塑料成品。
　　二、主要职业危害因素
　　1）一氧化碳和缺氧；氯化氢、光气和卤化氢中毒等。
　　2）聚氯乙烯、聚苯乙烯的生产可引起中毒。
　　3）聚碳酸酯用于制造电绝缘材料、机械部件等。工人可有口苦、恶心和头痛，上呼吸道刺激症状较多见。
　　4）可制造耐磨零件、包装材料等的聚甲醛酯，主要对上呼吸道产生刺激和腐蚀作用，可致皮肤干燥和脱皮。
　　5）氯化聚醚是一种热塑性高分子材料。可作为耐腐蚀、耐磨材料等。在高温下可分解出氯化氢、氯甲烷、醛类、一氧化碳等引起中毒。
　　6）聚苯醚的单体用于代替不锈钢制造医疗器械，在电器、电子、化学、纺织等工业中也广泛应用。在生产聚苯醚的过程中，应注意其原料苯、甲醇、苯酚等对工人健康的危害。
　　7）丙烯酸树脂最广泛应用的是聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(俗称有机玻璃)。用于航空、汽车、仪表等行业作为高级透明材料配件。生产工人主要接触氢氰酸、丙酮氰醇、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲醇、丙酮等。丙酮氰醇可经呼吸道、皮肤、粘膜进入人体引起中毒。
　　8）环氧树脂用作粘合剂、涂料并用以制造层压板，即玻璃钢及泡沫塑料等。生产中最常发生的危害是接触能引起严重的原发性刺激性和过敏性皮炎、哮喘性支气管炎。
　　三、预防措施
　　在塑料加工过程中，须从工艺和设备进行改革以防止单体游离；须采用多种方式改进稳定剂，如使用液体稳定剂或使稳定剂湿润化、糊状化；用无镉、无铅的配方或用钙、镁等无毒稳定剂等。要加强通风，如在加工聚氯乙烯薄膜时，所产生的烟气中含有聚氯乙烯热解产物，对上呼吸道有刺激作用，需安装排气设备。此外，要加强个体防护，防止单体经呼吸道和皮肤进入人体。如氯乙烯，在化工厂清釜时，注意釜内氯乙烯浓度，在采用送风达到安全要求时进行清釜，尽量缩短清釜时间。

By:qsf999 | 阅读全文 | 回复(19) | 引用通告 | 编辑

Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2017-3-4 14:10:45

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-22 19:19:19

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-22 18:38:11

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-22 3:07:49

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-21 14:02:32

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-21 13:26:24

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-19 13:42:20

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-18 4:22:03

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-17 0:20:04

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By:lptxb(游客) | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复

Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-16 23:39:30

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-12 22:34:46

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-11 14:47:22

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-10 3:42:00

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By:nrvzd(游客) | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复

原创 | 2016-9-30 11:16:50

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原创 | 2016-9-28 16:40:07

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By:原创(游客) | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复

原创 | 2016-9-6 17:04:56

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