危险化学品泄漏事故中的疏散距离--qsf999的安全生产小屋

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危险化学品泄漏事故中的疏散距离 | 2011-11-21 10:12:00

危险化学品泄漏事故中的疏散距离

    在危险化学品泄漏事故中，必须及时做好周围人员及居民的紧急疏散工作。如何根据不同化学物质的理化特性和毒性，结合气象条件，迅速确定疏散距离是化救工作的一项重要课题。鉴于我国目前尚无这方面的详细资料，特推荐美国、加拿大和墨西哥联合编制的ERG2000中的数据。这些数据是运用 ①最新的释放速率和扩散模型；②美国运输部有害物质事故报告系统（HMIS）数据库的统计数据；③ 美国、加拿大、墨西哥三国120多个地方5年的每小时气象学观察资料以及④各种化学物质毒理学接触数据等四各方面综合分析而成，具有很强的科学性。
    疏散距离分为二种(参见示意图)：紧急隔离带是以紧急隔离距离为半径的圆，非事故处理人员不得入内；下风向疏散距离是指必须采取保护措施的范围，即该范围内的居民处于有害接触的危险之中，可以采取撤离、密闭住所窗户等有效措施，并保持通讯畅通以听从指挥。由于夜间气象条件对毒气云的混和作用要比白天来得小，毒气云不易散开，因而下风向疏散距离相对比白天的远。夜间和白天的区分以太阳升起和降落为准。
    使用该表内的数据还应结合事故现场的实际情况如泄漏量、泄漏压力、泄漏形成的释放池面积、周围建筑或树木情况以及当时风速等进行修正：如泄漏物质发生火灾时，中毒危害与火灾/爆炸危害相比就处于次要地位；如有数辆槽罐车、储罐、或大钢瓶泄漏，应增加大量泄漏的疏散距离；如泄漏形成的毒气云从山谷或高楼之间穿过，因大气的混和作用减小，表中的疏散距离应增加。白天气温逆转或在有雪覆盖的地区，或者在日落时发生泄漏，如伴有稳定的风，也需要增加疏散距离。因为在这类气象条件下污染物的大气混和与扩散比较缓慢（即毒气云不易被空气稀释），会顺下风向飘的较远。另外，对液态化学品泄漏，如果物料温度或室外气温超过30℃，疏散距离也应增加。
最后请注意表中以下标记的含义：
* 少量泄漏：小包装（<200 L）泄漏或大包装少量泄漏
** 大量泄漏：大包装（>200 L）泄漏或多个小包装同时泄漏

By:qsf999 | 阅读全文 | 回复(15) | 引用通告 | 编辑

Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2017-2-20 17:29:34

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By:igvzd(游客) | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复

Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2017-2-17 23:10:53

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By:jixbe(游客) | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复

Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2017-2-16 12:52:29

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By:kaegk(游客) | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复

Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-23 12:13:22

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By:ljycg(游客) | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复

Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-21 19:27:38

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-21 14:06:42

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-15 19:34:41

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By:getxb(游客) | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复

Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-15 6:09:56

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By:dsuxa(游客) | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复

Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-13 18:03:32

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By:vlnru(游客) | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复

原创 | 2016-9-30 11:17:22

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By:原创(游客) | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复

原创 | 2016-9-28 16:40:40

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原创 | 2016-9-6 17:05:28

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