硫化矿尘的爆炸
很多物质的粉尘以悬浮状态分散在空气中且有一定的浓度时,在一定热能作用下会发生燃烧或爆炸。不同的物质具有不同的爆炸范围。粉尘爆炸除了与浓度有关外,还与空气中的氧含量、粉尘的含水量、粉尘的粒度和引爆能量的大小有关。
硫化矿中含有可燃性硫,当矿尘中含硫量达到一定数值时就具有爆炸性。矿尘的产生主要是打眼、放矿和放炮。当采用火雷管爆破或分段起爆时,先起爆的炸药爆炸提供热源便有可能引起矿尘爆炸。
硫化矿尘爆炸需要具备的条件是:
(1)矿尘含量高于40%;
(2)矿尘含水量低于5%;
(3)矿尘浓度:黄铁矿>0.39g/L;磁黄铁矿>0.425g/L;黄铜矿>0.505g/L;硫>35g/L。
(4)有足够的引爆能量。例如在0.83m3铁箱中,引爆硫化矿尘的炸药量应大于5g。
判别硫化矿尘爆炸的方法:
爆破时将摄影胶卷做成旗状固定在离工作面一定距离(5~20m)的巷道壁上,一旦矿尘爆炸,胶卷将被灼烧,以此来判断何处曾发生硫化矿尘爆炸;或者借助于高温热敏电阻,测定距工作面7~10m以内的空气温度,若温度在100~700℃时,即可判定为曾发生矿尘爆炸。
预防硫化矿尘爆炸的措施:
(1)不用火雷管爆破,采用电雷管爆破,并且尽量采用低段毫秒雷管。
(2)在药包上涂一层热容量(比热)较大的惰性物质(如硅胶),或者用水或惰性物质做充填物,这样爆破时能吸收大量的热,避免爆破后温度急剧升高。
(3)采用极限温度很低的炸药,如煤矿安全炸药。
(4)加强通风和喷雾洒水,使矿尘稀释和增湿,减少爆炸危险性。
(5)不采用反向起爆。反向起爆容易造成爆炸压力波及火焰集中现象,并经炮孔口喷出而引爆硫化矿尘。一些试验表明,在装药量较少时采用反向起爆就会引起瓦斯爆炸。但是,在相同条件下采用正向起爆,即使装药量大得多(多几倍),也不会引起瓦斯爆炸。有的国家煤矿安全规程明确规定,有瓦斯、煤尘爆炸危险的工作面不准采用反向起爆。我国煤炭部也有过类似规定。
(6)加强炮孔堵塞工作。试验资料表明,堵炮泥引爆矿尘的装药量,远比不堵炮泥引爆矿尘的装药量多得多。不堵、少堵或用炸药包装纸充当炮泥堵塞炮孔是十分危险的。在有硫化矿尘爆炸危险的地方应禁止采用不充填爆破。
(7)尽量采用深孔爆破,不用浅眼和覆土爆破。

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