矿井突水事故的抢救处理
矿井一旦发生突水事故,事故地点人员应按《矿井灾害预防处理计划》的规定及时汇报调度室,并通知、组织受灾影响范围人员按避灾路线撤离灾区。矿调度室接到事故电话后应向矿领导汇报,通知救护队及相关部门。成立救灾指挥部,有组织按步骤处理灾害。救灾指挥部成立后,应迅速判定水灾性质、了解突水点、影响范围、搞清事故前人员分布、统计撤离出井人员,分析被困人员躲避地点;根据突水量大小和矿井排水能力,积极采取排、堵、截水的技术措施。如果是老窑积水,积水量受老窑井巷空间限制,可选择排水方法处理涌水;如果是地表水透入井下,往往有充足的补给水源,应首先采取措施拦截地面补给水通道,然后加强井下涌水的排放。当然,井下突水情况复杂,可根据具体情况采取某种或几种措施同时并用。同时,条件允许,必须尽快恢复灾区通风,防止瓦斯和其它有害气体积聚和发生熏人事故。排水后,进行侦察抢险时,要防止冒顶,掉底和二次突水事故的发生。
发生透水事故后常常有人被困井下,指挥人员仍应本着”救人是第一任务”的原则,争时间抢速度,采取有效措施使他们早日脱险。透水事故发生后,应正确判断遇险人员可能躲避的地点,科学分析该地点是否具有人员生存的条件,然后积极组织力量进行抢救。当躲避地点比外部水位高时,遇险人员可能生存,对于这些地点的人员,应利用一切可能的方法(打钻或掘一段巷道)向他们输送新鲜空气、饮料和食物,以延长待救时间。当避难地点比外部水位低时,存在两种情况:
(1)突水时洪水能直接涌入位于突水点下部的巷道(如平巷、下山),并把他们淹没,一般情况下,这些地点不会有空气存在,也就不具备人员生存的条件。然而,多次出现过人员躲在这些巷道高冒处获救的案例。
(2)当突水点下部巷道全断面被水淹没后,与该巷道相通的独头上山等上部独头巷道,如不漏气,即使低于外部最高水位时也不会全部被淹没,仍有空气存在。在这些地点躲避的人员具备生存的条件,如果避难方法正确(心情平静、适量喝水、躺卧待救)是能生还的 1998年5月20日内蒙古乌海市卓子山矿区地面降雨冲人巴产乌素煤矿井下,13人被困井下,其中有1人在井下避灾34天后生还出井。很多类似这样的事例说明,突水事故发生后,有些地点具有人员生存条件的,即使躲避较长时间也不至于生存无望。对于那些低于外部水位的避难地点,则严禁打钻,防止独头空气外泄,水位上升,淹没遇险人员。最好的办法是加速排水,即早日营救他们。
作为透水事故的抢救人员还有必要掌握井下被困人员的生存条件和救护时的注意事项:
1、井下避难人员生存的空气条件:
根据科学分析及大量案例证实,在下列条件下,避险人员有生存可能:02≥10%,C02≤10%,CO≤0.04%,H2S≤0.02%.NO:<0.01%,S02<o.02%。透水后。,若避难地点中没有或很少有CH。及其它有害气体,往往按0:减少至10%和CO:增至10%所需的时间(取两者中最小值)估计人员能生存的最长时间。估算时按避难地点原有02=200/0.,CO:=1%,平卧不动时每人耗氧量0.237L/min,呼出CO:量为0.197L/min。若避难人员年轻、性情急躁,不能安静平卧待救,每人耗氧量按0.3L/min一0.4L/min计算。
2、井下避难人员生存的食物条件:
人的生存除空气外,还需要食物。突水后遇险人员食物缺乏,靠喝水、啃坑木、棉衣、煤块、电线……维持生命。事实上这些东西毫无营养价值。不能被人体吸收,也根本消化不了,吃下去只能把胃撑起来,减少饥饿痛苦而已。水是人体的重要组成部分,人体有78%是由水组成的。水虽无营养价值,但人在断食情况下,喝水可以促进新陈代谢,消耗体内储存的糖、蛋白质,以维持人体能源供给。被困人员要有水喝、有空气,就可以生存一段时间。据报道,世界上靠只喝水维持生存的最长时间是58天。
3、抢救长期被困井下人员时的注意事项:实践证明,抢救长期被困井下的人员时,如不采取相应措施幸存人员也会死亡。在抢救长期被困井下的人员时,禁止用灯光照射他们的眼睛(可使光束避开他们的眼睛,或用红布,衣片罩住灯光,使光线减弱;或用布蒙住他们的眼睛),保持体温,进行体检并给予必要的治疗(包扎、输液等);不能立即抬出井口,应分段搬运到安全地点,让其逐渐适应环境;不能吃硬食和过量食物,以免损坏消化系统;短期内不要让其亲友探视,以免过度兴奋造成血管破裂。

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